Singular y plural de los sutantivos Reglas gramaticales A la mayoria de nombres se les agrega una s final para formar el plural. ejemplos
camera / cameras pen / pens cup / cups car / cars
Para formar el plural a los nombres acabados en -ch, -sh, -s, o -x, se les añade -es. ejemplos
glass / glasses watch / watches brush / brushes bus / buses box / boxes
Para formar el plural a los nombres acabos en -y se elimina la letra y y se añade la terminación -ies. ejemplos
city / cities party / parties
Para los acabados en -f o -fe se elimina la -f o -fe y se añade -ves. ejemplos
wife / wives
Muchos sustantivos se pluralizan de un modo irregular, existen dos casos: caso 1 Cuando el singular y plural no cambian. ejemplos fish (pez o pescado) singular fish (peces o pescados) plural sheep (oveja) singular sheep (ovejas) plural caso 2 Cuando el plural varía de modo irregular. Por lo tanto, no existe regla la cual se pueda seguir y hay que aprenderse las formas irregulares de cada uno.
SINGULAR SIGNIFICADO PLURAL SIGNIFICADO
man hombre men hombres
woman mujer women mujeres
child niño children niños
person persona people personas
tooth diente teeth dientes
sábado, 31 de octubre de 2009
Intermediate 1. Ex. 1.2 (1 Point Participation U3M) Phrasal Verbs
Quiz topic: Phrasal Verb Particles
For each of the six questions choose the one correct answer.
1. When she died, she gave ________ all her money to a charity for cats.
a) away
b) out
c) on
d) off
2. You boy! Don’t walk ________ when I’m speaking to you.
a) on
b) to
c) away
d) out
3. Ouch! He’s fallen ________ his motorbike and broken his shoulder.
a) off
b) away
c) out of
d) down
4. Would you mind taking ________ your shoes when you come inside?
a) away
b) on
c) off
d) out
5. I don’t feel like cooking, let’s order some take-________.
a) out -
b) up -
c) in -
d) away -
6. Can you pick ________ a few things in the supermarket? We need milk, bread and
loo rolls.
a) off
b) in
c) up
d) away
For each of the six questions choose the one correct answer.
1. When she died, she gave ________ all her money to a charity for cats.
a) away
b) out
c) on
d) off
2. You boy! Don’t walk ________ when I’m speaking to you.
a) on
b) to
c) away
d) out
3. Ouch! He’s fallen ________ his motorbike and broken his shoulder.
a) off
b) away
c) out of
d) down
4. Would you mind taking ________ your shoes when you come inside?
a) away
b) on
c) off
d) out
5. I don’t feel like cooking, let’s order some take-________.
a) out -
b) up -
c) in -
d) away -
6. Can you pick ________ a few things in the supermarket? We need milk, bread and
loo rolls.
a) off
b) in
c) up
d) away
Phrasal Verbs
TO THE STUDENT
Phrasal verbs are combinations of ordinary verbs like put, take, come, and go and particles like in, out, on, and off. They are a very important part of everyday English. Every student of English needs a basic understanding of the most common phrasal verbs and also of common nouns and adjectives made from phrasal verbs.
Most phrasal verbs are nor informal, slang, or improper for educated speech or formal writing. Exactly the opposite is true — most phrasal verbs are acceptable at all levels of spoken or written English. In fact, for many of the phrasal verbs in this textbook, there is no alternative to the phrasal verb — there is no other way to say it.
Some phrasal verbs are very easy to understand. For example, it is not difficult to understand sit down or come in because their meanings are obvious. But many phrasal verbs are very idiomatic. Idiomatic means that there is no way to know what the verb and particle mean together by knowing what the verb and particle mean separately. For example, every beginning-level student learns what the words call, run, off, and out mean, but that does not help the student to know that call off means cancel or that run out means use all of something.
1. FOCUS ON: separable and nonseparable phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are either separable or nonseparable. Unfortunately, there is no rule that will help you to look at a phrasal verb and always know whether it is separable or nonseparable.
Separable phrasal verbs
Separable phrasal verbs can be separated by their object. When the object is a noun, it is usually entirely optional whether the object is placed between the verb and the particle or placed after the particle. Both sentences below are correct:
I took my shoes off.
I took off my shoes.
However, when a pronoun is used instead of a noun, the pronoun must be placed between the verb and the particle:
I took them off.
I took off them.
But in one type of sentence, separable phrasal verbs must be separated — when the phrasal verb has two objects:
She put a blanket on. She put on a blanket.
She put a blanket on the bed. She put on a blanket the bed.
Nonseparable phrasal verbs
Nonseparable phrasal verbs cannot be separated by their object:
He ran into a tree. He ran a tree into.
Throughout this book, phrasal verbs that can be separated have three dots (...) between the verb and the particle.
Infinitive_____________________________________________
present tense -ing form past tense past participle
come from
come from & comes from coming from came from come from
1. come from p.v. When you come from a place, you were born there or lived there previously. When you come from a family or a social situation, your past experience helps to explain your present attitudes and behavior.
Mike comes from Alaska, so he's used to cold weather.
Jane had a difficult childhood. She came from a broken home.
1
2. come from p.v. When something comes from a source, that is where it originated.
The word "admiral" comes from an Arabic word. The mechanic heard a strange sound coming from the engine.
Infinitive
present tense -ing form past tense past participle
figure out
figure out & figures out figuring out figured out figured out
1. figure ... out p.v. [the object can be a noun or a noun clause] When you figure out something, such as the answer to a question, the solution to a problem, or why a person is a certain way or acts a certain way, you think about and succeed in understanding it.
Joe's so hostile all the time. I can't figure him out. I looked everywhere for my keys, but I couldn't figure out where I put them.
give back
give back & gives back giving back gave back given back
1. give ... back (to) p.v. When you return something to someone, you give it back.
Can I use your pen? I'll give it back after the test.
Timmy, give that toy back to your sister right now!
look for
look for & looks for looking for looked for looked for
1. look for p.v. When you look for things or people, you try to find them.
/ looked for you at the party, but I didn't see you. Excuse me, can you help me? I'm looking for 303 Main St.
put on
put on & puts on putting on put on put on
1. put... on p.v. When you place something on or apply something to your body, you put it on.
I put on my new dress before going to the party. Eric forgot to put suntan lotion on, and now he's as red as a lobster.
2. put... on p.v. When you place something on or apply something to another surface, you put it on.
I put the book on the table.
Jerry put too much fertilizer on his lawn , and now he has to cut it twice a week.
3. put... on p.v. When you attach or affix something to another thing, you put it on.
The Wilson’s put a new roof on their house last year.
I told the tailor to put red buttons on the dress he's making for me.
4. put... on p.v. When you put on weight, you gain weight.
Phrasal verbs are combinations of ordinary verbs like put, take, come, and go and particles like in, out, on, and off. They are a very important part of everyday English. Every student of English needs a basic understanding of the most common phrasal verbs and also of common nouns and adjectives made from phrasal verbs.
Most phrasal verbs are nor informal, slang, or improper for educated speech or formal writing. Exactly the opposite is true — most phrasal verbs are acceptable at all levels of spoken or written English. In fact, for many of the phrasal verbs in this textbook, there is no alternative to the phrasal verb — there is no other way to say it.
Some phrasal verbs are very easy to understand. For example, it is not difficult to understand sit down or come in because their meanings are obvious. But many phrasal verbs are very idiomatic. Idiomatic means that there is no way to know what the verb and particle mean together by knowing what the verb and particle mean separately. For example, every beginning-level student learns what the words call, run, off, and out mean, but that does not help the student to know that call off means cancel or that run out means use all of something.
1. FOCUS ON: separable and nonseparable phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are either separable or nonseparable. Unfortunately, there is no rule that will help you to look at a phrasal verb and always know whether it is separable or nonseparable.
Separable phrasal verbs
Separable phrasal verbs can be separated by their object. When the object is a noun, it is usually entirely optional whether the object is placed between the verb and the particle or placed after the particle. Both sentences below are correct:
I took my shoes off.
I took off my shoes.
However, when a pronoun is used instead of a noun, the pronoun must be placed between the verb and the particle:
I took them off.
I took off them.
But in one type of sentence, separable phrasal verbs must be separated — when the phrasal verb has two objects:
She put a blanket on. She put on a blanket.
She put a blanket on the bed. She put on a blanket the bed.
Nonseparable phrasal verbs
Nonseparable phrasal verbs cannot be separated by their object:
He ran into a tree. He ran a tree into.
Throughout this book, phrasal verbs that can be separated have three dots (...) between the verb and the particle.
Infinitive_____________________________________________
present tense -ing form past tense past participle
come from
come from & comes from coming from came from come from
1. come from p.v. When you come from a place, you were born there or lived there previously. When you come from a family or a social situation, your past experience helps to explain your present attitudes and behavior.
Mike comes from Alaska, so he's used to cold weather.
Jane had a difficult childhood. She came from a broken home.
1
2. come from p.v. When something comes from a source, that is where it originated.
The word "admiral" comes from an Arabic word. The mechanic heard a strange sound coming from the engine.
Infinitive
present tense -ing form past tense past participle
figure out
figure out & figures out figuring out figured out figured out
1. figure ... out p.v. [the object can be a noun or a noun clause] When you figure out something, such as the answer to a question, the solution to a problem, or why a person is a certain way or acts a certain way, you think about and succeed in understanding it.
Joe's so hostile all the time. I can't figure him out. I looked everywhere for my keys, but I couldn't figure out where I put them.
give back
give back & gives back giving back gave back given back
1. give ... back (to) p.v. When you return something to someone, you give it back.
Can I use your pen? I'll give it back after the test.
Timmy, give that toy back to your sister right now!
look for
look for & looks for looking for looked for looked for
1. look for p.v. When you look for things or people, you try to find them.
/ looked for you at the party, but I didn't see you. Excuse me, can you help me? I'm looking for 303 Main St.
put on
put on & puts on putting on put on put on
1. put... on p.v. When you place something on or apply something to your body, you put it on.
I put on my new dress before going to the party. Eric forgot to put suntan lotion on, and now he's as red as a lobster.
2. put... on p.v. When you place something on or apply something to another surface, you put it on.
I put the book on the table.
Jerry put too much fertilizer on his lawn , and now he has to cut it twice a week.
3. put... on p.v. When you attach or affix something to another thing, you put it on.
The Wilson’s put a new roof on their house last year.
I told the tailor to put red buttons on the dress he's making for me.
4. put... on p.v. When you put on weight, you gain weight.
Intermediate 1. Ex.1.1 Separble Phrasal Verbs
A. Building Language. Role Play. Practice this conversation with a partner.
ST1: (Std 2 Name), how do you turn on the DVD player? I read the instructions manual, but I can´t figure out how to do it.
ST2: Let´s see. I think you can use the remote to turn it on. Do you know where it is?
ST1: Yeah. It´s right here.
ST2: OK. So let me show you what to do. First, you press this button. That turns the DVD player on. Huh. It´s not working.
ST1: I wonder if there´s something wrong with the remote.
ST2: Actually, the problem is the DVD player. We need to plug it in!
ST1: Oh! Right.
B. Circle the two correct choices in each question. Compare with a partner.
1.- Do you turn your TV on/ turn on your TV / your TV turn on every morning?
2.- Do you turn the TV off / turn it off /turn off it when you´re not watching it?
3.- Do you know to play/how to play /how do you play a DVD on a Computer?
C. Complete the sentences as in the example.
1. A. Do you know how to turn off this cell phone / to turn this cell phone off? (this cell phone / turn off).
B. This Button turns it off. You need to push it really hard.
2.- A. I don´t know how _______________________________________________
(The air conditioning / turn down).
B. I can show you how_________________________________. Just Turn this Dial.
3.- A. Can you show me where ___________________________________________
(My Laptop / plug in).
B. You can _________________________-right here
ST1: (Std 2 Name), how do you turn on the DVD player? I read the instructions manual, but I can´t figure out how to do it.
ST2: Let´s see. I think you can use the remote to turn it on. Do you know where it is?
ST1: Yeah. It´s right here.
ST2: OK. So let me show you what to do. First, you press this button. That turns the DVD player on. Huh. It´s not working.
ST1: I wonder if there´s something wrong with the remote.
ST2: Actually, the problem is the DVD player. We need to plug it in!
ST1: Oh! Right.
B. Circle the two correct choices in each question. Compare with a partner.
1.- Do you turn your TV on/ turn on your TV / your TV turn on every morning?
2.- Do you turn the TV off / turn it off /turn off it when you´re not watching it?
3.- Do you know to play/how to play /how do you play a DVD on a Computer?
C. Complete the sentences as in the example.
1. A. Do you know how to turn off this cell phone / to turn this cell phone off? (this cell phone / turn off).
B. This Button turns it off. You need to push it really hard.
2.- A. I don´t know how _______________________________________________
(The air conditioning / turn down).
B. I can show you how_________________________________. Just Turn this Dial.
3.- A. Can you show me where ___________________________________________
(My Laptop / plug in).
B. You can _________________________-right here
What's Advisable /Necessary / Preferable
What's Advisable:
You´d better do something quickly.
I´d better not add anything to my schedule.
I ought to do some wolunteer work
You ought to let them do the talking
You might want to takea collegue with you.
What´s Necessary:
I´m going to have to do something about it.
I´ve got to decide by next week
You don´t have to spend time on this.
What´s Preferable:
I´d rather (not) stay in my current job.
You´d better do something quickly.
I´d better not add anything to my schedule.
I ought to do some wolunteer work
You ought to let them do the talking
You might want to takea collegue with you.
What´s Necessary:
I´m going to have to do something about it.
I´ve got to decide by next week
You don´t have to spend time on this.
What´s Preferable:
I´d rather (not) stay in my current job.
Talking About the Future
Use Will when you decide to do something as you are speaking:
I´ll just stop by my apartment to change clothes, and then I´ll come right over to meet you.
Use Will or Going to for factual information or predictions based on what you know:
You´re going to be out of townm but you'll be back Friday?
My Boss is going to make us work late Friday.
Our Project won´t be finished on time.
I´ll just stop by my apartment to change clothes, and then I´ll come right over to meet you.
Use Will or Going to for factual information or predictions based on what you know:
You´re going to be out of townm but you'll be back Friday?
My Boss is going to make us work late Friday.
Our Project won´t be finished on time.
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